Pimpernel

Scientific Name(s): Anagallis arvensis
Abundance: common
What: flowers, leaves, stem
How: dried and powdered, tea
Where: sunny fields, yards,
When: spring, summer
Nutritional Value: medicinal
Dangers: contains small amount of saponins which can cause stomach upset. Some people develop skin rashes from contact. It also contains some estrogen mimics.

Medicinal Summary:
Leaves/Stem/Flowers - antimicrobial; anti-inflammatory; anti-fungal; appetite stimulant (tisane)

Leaf Arrangement: The leaves are arranged in an opposite-alternating pattern along the stem, sometimes appearing whorled at the stem tips. Leaves are connected directly to stems.

Leaf Shape: The leaves are ovate to elliptical, typically measuring about 0.5 to 1 inch in length and 0.2 to 0.5 inches in width.

Leaf Venation: The venation is pinnate, with a central vein and faint, smaller veins extending towards the leaf margins.

Leaf Margin: The leaf margins are entire, meaning they are smooth and not serrated.

Leaf Color: The leaves are a bright green, often with a slightly glossy appearance.

Flower Structure: The flowers are solitary, arising from the leaf axils on slender stalks. Each flower has five petals.

Flower Color: The flowers are usually scarlet-orange but a common mutation causes blue flowers. They often have a purplish center.

Fruit: The plant produces a small, round capsule as its fruit.

Seed: The seeds are small and numerous, contained within the capsule.

Stem: The stem is slender, square in cross-section, and may have a trailing or ascending growth habit.

Hairs: The plant is generally smooth, with no hair on the stem and leaves.

Height: Anagallis arvensis typically grows to a height of 4 to 12 inches.

Pimpernel before producing flowers.


Scarlet pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis) plants. Note the square stems. Flowers are only 1/4 inch across.


Close-up of scarlet pimpernel flower.




Scarlet pimpernel, blue variety (Anagallis arvensis Forma azurea).


Close-up of pimpernel leaf.


Texas distribution, attributed to U. S. Department of Agriculture. The marked counties are guidelines only. Plants may appear in other counties, especially if used in landscaping.


North American distribution, attributed to U. S. Department of Agriculture.


The scarlet pimpernel has a tradition of medicinal use going back to the ancient Greeks. They considered it to be a "cure-all", capable of treating any sort of injury, illness, or infection of bone, muscle, eye or other organ. The plant was dried and powdered, this powder then consumed in a drink. The raw plant has a rather unpleasant taste, probably due to the small amount of bitter saponin compounds it contains. It was also used as a wash for bad skin. Perhaps more importantly the pimpernel was thought to raise spirits and dispel melancholy, for which tea made from the fresh plant was recommended.

The pimpernel flowers close up when rain approaches, allowing them to be used as a crude method of predicting bad weather. The flowers also close up in the evening and won't reopen until stuck by sunlight.

The young leaves can be eaten raw or cooked, but generally they are too bitter. Also note that they can be fatal to small animals such as rabbits and rodents so don't feed them to pets. Also, don't mistake it for chickweed (Stellaria media)

Pimpernel contains an estrogen mimic and so if that sort of thing concerns you then avoid this plant. The estrogen mimic can cause problems during pregnancy as well with certain hormone-sensitive issues. These include cancers of the breast, uterus, and ovaries along with endometriosis.



Buy my book! Outdoor Adventure Guides Foraging covers 70 of North America's tastiest and easy to find wild edibles shown with the same big pictures as here on the Foraging Texas website.

Pride of Barbados

Scientific Name(s): Caesalpinia pulcherrima
Abundance: common
What: unripe seeds
How: cooked
Where: landscaping, full sun
When: spring, summer, fall
Nutritional Value: protein, calories
Dangers: ripe seeds are poisonous

Leaf Arrangement: The compound leaves are arranged alternately along the stems.

Leaf Shape: The leaves are bipinnately compound, consisting of multiple pairs of small, oblong leaflets. Each leaflet can measure approximately 1 to 2 inches in length.

Leaf Venation: The venation in the individual leaflets is not highly noticeable.

Leaf Margin: The leaflets have entire margins, meaning they are smooth and not toothed.

Leaf Color: The leaves are typically green, and the color is uniform on both the top and underside.

Flower Structure: The flowers are typically arranged in large, showy clusters at the ends of branches. Each cluster consists of multiple individual flowers.

Flower Color: The flowers come in a variety of colors, including shades of red, orange, and yellow. The vibrant colors make them highly conspicuous.

Fruit: The fruit is a flattish pod that develops after the flowering period. The pods are typically brown and elongated.

Seed: Each pod contains several seeds.

Stem: The stems are green, woody, and can be somewhat thorny. 

Hairs: The plant is hairless.

Height: Caesalpinia pulcherrima can reach a height of 6 to 10 feet, and it tends to have a sprawling growth habit.

Full plant in mid-summer will have both flowers and seedpods at different stages of maturity.


The red and orange flowers grow in clusters at the ends of branches and aren't edible.


The tender, green seedpods contain soft, edible bean seeds. The pod husks aren't edible.




The leaves are double-compound with the leaflets on the stems attached to the main leaf stem.

Texas distribution, attributed to U. S. Department of Agriculture. The marked counties are guidelines only. Plants may appear in other counties, especially if used in landscaping. Pride of Barbados plants are found all across Texas.

North American distribution, attributed to U. S. Department of Agriculture.

There are few landscaping plants as showy as the non-native Pride of Barbados bushes. Their round shape, complex leaves, bright flower clusters, and long pea pods draw attention and admiration. These bushes are very tolerant of Texas summers, actually preferring full sun.  They can be planted in areas receiving as little as three hours of direct sunlight every day but they won't thrive and produces tons of blossoms with that much shade. The first year or two of planting they should be deeply watered 1-2 times a week but after that they become very drought tolerant. The USDA rates them hardy in zones 8 to 11. It may freeze and die back to the ground but fresh shoots will often appear in late spring when this happens.

The first thing noticed about this plant are usually the flowers. They produce clusters of five-petaled, red-centered, yellow/orange-tipped flowers with long stamen at the ends of many branches. The individual flowers can reach up to 3" across. Unopened flower buds are small, red balls with red stems, alternating along the end of the branch.

At the same time as the flowers (pretty much spring, summer, and fall) this plant will also have a variety of large pea pods, up to 5" long. When young these pods are green but turn a dark purple color upon maturity.

The stems are woody, ranging from green to brown in color and somewhat lumpy in texture. The bush grows multiple trunks, each branching several times.

Pride of Barbados leaves are compound twice-compound with the primary stems alternating along the branches and then the leaflet-bearing branches are opposite one another along the primary stem. The leaflets are oval in shape, have entire edges (no teeth or lobes) and opposite each other along the secondary stems. These leaflet appear in even numbers, with two growing out the end of the secondary stem.

The edible part of this plant are immature seeds taken from young, green seedpods. As the seed mature they become more and more poisonous. Though not deadly, they can cause a great deal of stomach distress if eaten too late. Younger seeds are always better than older seeds in the case of Pride of Barbados. The seeds are cooked by steaming or boiling before eating. Other cooking methods will work, too. The seed pod husks aren't eaten.


Buy my book! Outdoor Adventure Guides Foraging covers 70 of North America's tastiest and easy to find wild edibles shown with the same big pictures as here on the Foraging Texas website.

Redbud

Scientific name: Cercis canadensis (and other Cercis species)
Abundance: plentiful
What: open flowers, young seedpods
How: flowers raw or cooked, young seedpods cooked
Where: often landscaped or wild
When: flowers spring, young seedpods after flowers
Nutritional Value: Flowers contain assorted vitamins, minerals and antioxidants. Seeds have protein.

Leaf Arrangement: The leaves are alternately arranged along the stems.

Leaf Shape: Redbud leaves are typically heart-shaped or broadly ovate.

Leaf Venation: Leaves exhibit palmate venation.

Leaf Margin: The leaf margin is smooth or slightly undulating.

Leaf Color: The upper side of the leaves is green, while the underside may have a lighter color.

Flower Structure: The flowers are simple and bloom in clusters, each with five petals. The diameter of each flower is approximately 0.5 inches. They emerge directly from the branches. 

Flower Color: Redbud flowers can range in color from pink to purple, creating a vibrant display.

Fruit: The fruit is a flat, legume-like pod, typically brown and about 2 to 4 inches long.

Seed: Seeds are contained within the pods, usually small, round, and brown.

Bark: The bark is smooth and brown when the tree is young, developing slight furrows with age.

Hairs: All parts are hairless.

Height: Redbud trees typically reach a height of 20 to 30 feet.

Redbud in bloom


Edible flowers


Close-up of open flowers and closed flower buds.


Edible seed pods


Redbud leaves

Texas distribution, attributed to U. S. Department of Agriculture. The marked counties are guidelines only. Plants may appear in other counties, especially if used in landscaping.


North American distribution, attributed to U. S. Department of Agriculture.


Often used as a landscaping plant, Redbuds can be found more often in urban/suburban locations but they can also be found in the wild. They are unmistakable in the early spring when the are sheathed in a cover of purple flowers and no leaves.

The flowers of redbud trees are wonderfully tasty with a fresh, slightly sweet flavor. The opened flowers are sweeter than ones still closed up in a bud. They add a wonderful dash of color to salads and other dishes.

The young seedpods, while still purple in color, can be used as peapods raw or better yet in stir-frys. They mature quickly and become become stringing, tough, and somewhat bitter. They can be frozen when still tender but blanch them in boiling water first.


Buy my book! Outdoor Adventure Guides Foraging covers 70 of North America's tastiest and easy to find wild edibles shown with the same big pictures as here on the Foraging Texas website.

Rose

Scientific name: Rosa species
Abundance: common
What: flowers, fruit at base of flower
How: both flowers and rose hips can be used in tea, jelly, additions to soup, stews, and salads
Where: yards, abandoned farms
When: fall
Nutritional Value: rose hips contain vitamin A,C,E,K and minerals
Other uses: good for giving to women after you've done something stupid
Dangers: remove seeds before using rose hips. 

Leaf Arrangement: The leaves are arranged alternately along the stems.

Leaf Shape: The leaves are pinnately compound, consisting of multiple leaflets. Each leaflet can vary in size, typically ranging from 1 to 3 inches in length and 0.5 to 1 inch in width.

Leaf Venation: The venation is generally pinnate, with a central vein running along the length of each leaflet, and smaller veins branching off to the sides.

Leaf Margin: The leaflets often have serrated or toothed margins.

Leaf Color: The leaves are typically green, and the color is uniform on both the upper and lower surfaces.

Flower Structure: The flowers are typically large and showy, consisting of multiple petals arranged in a rosette pattern. The flowers are located at the ends of the stems.

Flower Color: Roses come in a wide range of colors, including but not limited to red, pink, white, yellow, and orange.

Fruit: The fruit of the rose, known as a rose hip, is a small, round to oval structure that resembles a small apple and develops after the flower has been fertilized.

Seed: Rose hips contain numerous small seeds. The seeds are typically brown and are surrounded by fleshy tissue.

Stem: The stems of roses are often woody, with thorns or prickles along the length. The stems may vary in color, including shades of green, brown, or red.

Hairs: The leaves may have small, fine hairs, contributing to a slightly rough texture.

Height: The height of a rose plant can vary widely depending on the species or cultivar, ranging from a few feet for miniature roses to several feet for larger varieties.

Domestic roses


Domestic rose hips



Wild rose flower.


Wild rose stems.


Wild rose hips.

Assorted other types of rose hips

Texas distribution, attributed to U. S. Department of Agriculture. The marked counties are guidelines only. Plants may appear in other counties, especially if used in landscaping.

North American distribution, attributed to U. S. Department of Agriculture.


Wild roses can be found growing along fences (barbwire or other types) across the Texas prairie and on old homesteads. They make a formidable barrier or security fence once well established. They are pretty much impervious to droughts, blistering heat, and cold winter frosts.

Rose petals make a colorful and flavorful addition to salads as well as a delicately-flavored jelly. Rose hips are a wonderful source of vitamin C and can be made into jam, jelly, or tea. The seeds inside these hips are covered with tiny, stiff hairs. You must remove the seeds before consuming the hips otherwise these hairs will cause irritation to you bum the next day...


Buy my book! Outdoor Adventure Guides Foraging covers 70 of North America's tastiest and easy to find wild edibles shown with the same big pictures as here on the Foraging Texas website.

Turk's Cap

Scientific name: Malvaviscus arboreus
Abundance: common
What: flowers, fruit, young leaves
How: Flowers and young leaves raw or cooked; flowers can make pink lemonade type drink; fruit can be made into tea or preserves.
Where: shady areas, often used in landscaping
When: Flowers can appear all year long if warm enough.
Nutritional Value: Flowers high in antioxidants; seeds are high in protein & starch; leaves high in minerals; fruit high in vitamin C

Leaf Arrangement: The leaves are arranged alternately along the stems.

Leaf Shape: The leaves are generally ovate to lanceolate, with a length ranging from 3 to 6 inches and a width of 2 to 4 inches.

Leaf Venation: The venation is palmate.

Leaf Margin: The leaf margins are typically serrated or toothed.

Leaf Color: The upper surface of the leaves is dark green, while the underside may have a lighter green color. Young leaves will be a lighter green, turning darker green as the mature.

Flower Structure: The flowers are unique, with a distinctive tubular shape resembling a Turkish fez or cap. The diameter of the flower can range from 1 to 2 inches. Each flower has five fused petals, forming the cap-like structure.

Flower Color: The flowers come in various colors, including shades of red, pink, or white.

Fruit: The fruit is a small, round capsule resembling a slightly flattened apple. The fruit easily splits along very faint seams.

Seed: Seeds are small, brown, and found within the "apples" one per segment.

Stem: The stems are generally upright and may have a reddish or green color when young and brown when older.

Hairs: The stems and leaves are covered in fine, upright hairs giving them a fuzzy texture.

Height: Turk's Cap plants typically range in height from 3 to 8 feet, depending on growing conditions and variety.

Young turk's cap leaves in the spring.




Turk's Cap shrub/bush in the summer and already flowering.


Close-up of Turk's Cap flower.


Close-up of Turk's cap flower.


Close-up of fruit.




Pancakes with Turk's Cap flowers are delicious!


Texas distribution, attributed to U. S. Department of Agriculture. The marked counties are guidelines only. Plants may appear in other counties, especially if used in landscaping.


North American distribution, attributed to U. S. Department of Agriculture.


It's hard to miss Turk's Cap shrubs in the summer. Their multitude of bright read, uniquely-shaped flowers set against dark green foliage draw not just the human eye but also many butterflies and hummingbirds. These native mallows, related to hibiscus, okra, and cotton thrive across Texas due to their ability to handle shade or sun, wet or dry soil, heavy clay or sandy ground, though they prefer well drained soil with only partial sun exposure. In full sun they stay closer to the grown and spread out to end up looking "leggy". In ideal conditions of partial sun and well drained but moist soil they grow into thick, beautiful shrubs five to six feet tall. With fall's cool weather Turk's Cap loses its leaves and remains bare through the winter. Come spring light green, velvety leaves appear which grow larger, darker green, and rough in texture. By late spring/early summer the strange, rolled flowers appear with the single "antenna" sticking out the center. These flowers eventually give way to small, dark-red fruit at the end of summer.

Turk's Cap are a wonderful source of foods. The young, tender leaves can be used like spinach but cook them to soften their texture. Steaming, sautéing, boiling, or stir-frying are all good ways to cook these leaves. Actually, boiling is a terrible way to cook just about any leafy green but so be it.

The flowers are also wonderful raw, tasting like honeysuckle. The flowers are loaded with nectar at mid-morning and again in mid-afternoon. Watch the hummingbirds, they'll often swarm the plant when the flowers are at their sweetest. These flowers can also be used either fresh or dried to make tea.

The fruit is ripe when it is dark reddish-orange with no white skin present. These fruit taste like apples but with very little tartness, mainly just a light sweetness. They and their seeds can be eaten raw though the seeds are better if lightly toasted. The berries can also be made into jelly, jam, wine, or dehydrated.

While not edible, the bark (both inner and outer) can be used to make a decent cordage. Stripping the bark will usually kill the plant so save this for emergency situations.


Buy my book! Outdoor Adventure Guides Foraging covers 70 of North America's tastiest and easy to find wild edibles shown with the same big pictures as here on the Foraging Texas website.

Wild Bergamot

Scientific Name(s): Monarda fistulosa
Abundance: uncommon
What: flower
How: tea; flavoring
Where: shady, moist areas
When: late spring, summer, early fall
Nutritional Value: unknown
Dangers: bees love these flowers

Medicinal Summary:
Flowers/Leaves/Stem - soothes irritated skin; antibacterial; relieves indigestion; sweat inducer; stimulant; diuretic; helps pass kidney stones; pain reliever; expectorant; headache reducer; soothes sore throat (poultice, tisane)

Leaf Arrangement: Leaves are arranged opposite-alternating along the stem. Two leaves will be directly opposite one another, but the leaf pairs above and below will be rotated 90 degrees around the stem.

Leaf Shape: The leaves are lanceolate to ovate, measuring 2 to 4 inches in length and 0.5 to 2 inches in width.

Leaf Venation: Pinnate venation is observed, with prominent veins running parallel to each other.

Leaf Margin: The leaf margin is toothed, with small serrations along the edges.

Leaf Color: The leaves exhibit a medium green coloration.

Flower Structure: Flowers are tubular in shape and are arranged in dense, terminal, spherical clusters known as inflorescences.

Flower Color: The flowers display lavender to pink-purple coloring.

Fruit: The fruit consists of small nutlets, but it is not often a significant feature for identification.

Seed: Small and irregularly shaped seeds are present but are not typically used for identification.

Stem: The stem is square-shaped and its color can vary from green to purple.

Hairs: Fine hairs can be found on the stem and sometimes on the leaves of this plant.

Height: Monarda fistulosa typically reaches a height of 2 to 4 feet.

Wild Bergamot flowers.






Texas distribution, attributed to U.S. Department of Agriculture. The marked counties are guidelines only. Plants may appear in other counties, especially if used in landscaping.

North American distribution, attributed to U.S. Department of Agriculture.


Stands of wild bergamot flowers dot the Texas countryside during summer. They prefer shade and moist soil so look for them under trees along drainage ditches and near ponds. What looks like a single big flower is actually a cluster of many long, tubular flowers...usually swarming with bees! Being a mint, they have the mint family's square, hollow stem and opposite-alternating leaves.

The flower makes a great tea with a sweet, herbal flavor similar to its smell. The flowers can be dried for later use but I prefer them fresh off the plant. A tincture (alcohol extract) made from wild bergamot is supposedly an excellent oral treatment for yeast infections. It also is used medicinally in the same manner as other mints. When smoked it SUPPOSEDLY delivers the antibiotics directly to the lungs to fight lung infections but I can't confirm this.


Buy my book! Outdoor Adventure Guides Foraging covers 70 of North America's tastiest and easy to find wild edibles shown with the same big pictures as here on the Foraging Texas website.